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The lily-white movement was an anti-civil-rights movement within the Republican Party in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement was a response to the political and socioeconomic gains made by African-Americans following the Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which eliminated slavery. Black leaders gained increasing influence in the party by organizing blacks as an important voting bloc. Conservative white groups attempted to eliminate this influence and recover white voters who had defected to the Democratic Party. The term ''lily-white movement'' is generally attributed to Texas Republican leader Norris Wright Cuney who used the term in an 1888 Republican convention to describe efforts by white conservatives to oust blacks from positions of Texas party leadership and incite riots to divide the party.〔Myrdal (1996), pg. 478〕 The term came to be used nationally to describe this ongoing movement as it further developed in the early 20th century. Localized movements began immediately after the war but by the beginning of the 20th century the effort had become national. According to author and professor Michael K. Fauntroy,〔Fauntroy (2007), pg. 164 〕 This movement is largely credited with driving blacks out of the Republican party during the early 20th century, setting the stage for their eventual support of the Democrats. ==Background== (詳細はBlack Codes," laws intended specifically to curtail the rights of the newly freed slaves. many Northern states enacted their own "Black Codes" restricting or barring black immigration. The Civil Rights Act of 1866, however, nullified most of these laws and the federal Freedman's Bureau was able to regulate many of the affairs of Southern blacks. Groups such as the Union League and the Radical Republicans sought total equality and complete integration of blacks into American society. The Republican Party itself held significant power in the South during Reconstruction because of the federal government's role.〔Brady (2008), pg. 154〕 During the 19th century numerous African Americans were elected to the United States Congress, all members of the Republican party. The first black senator was Hiram Rhodes Revels of Mississippi. The first black representative was John Willis Menard of Louisiana. Over the course of the century, an additional black senator (from Mississippi) would be elected and more than 20 black representatives would be elected from Louisiana, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia. Blacks held other powerful political positions in government. P. B. S. Pinchback was elected lieutenant governor of Louisiana and even served briefly as governor. Pierre Caliste Landry became mayor of Donaldsonville, Louisiana. Edward Duplex became mayor of Wheatland, California. In Texas, Norris Wright Cuney rose to the chairmanship of the Texas Republican Party. In the South the Republican party gradually came to be known as "the party of the Negro." In Texas, for example, blacks made 90% of the party during the 1880s. The Democratic party increasingly came to be seen by many in the white community as the party of respectability.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lily-white movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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